Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. 2002 ). The Carthaginians founded cities in Spain, including Carthago Nova (the New Carthage, now Cartagena in Murcia), but also in Sardinia and Sicily, where M81 is the most common today within Italy. Article His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. Google Scholar. However, out of 69 Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe, only two belonged to that haplogroup: one E-M78 from the Sopot culture in Hungary (5000-4800 BCE), another E-M78 (c. 5000 BCE), possibly E-V13, from north-east Spain, and a E-L618 from Zemunica cave near Split in Croatia from 5500 BCE (Fernandes et al., 2016). Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). around the Czech Republic). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. More recently, based on over 1300 autosomal markers, Tishkoff et al13 showed that Bantu-speaking groups exhibit a considerable level of genetic similarity, a finding which is in good agreement with earlier studies mentioned above. It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. (2012) determined that the mummy of an unknown man buried with Ramesses was, because of the proven genetic relationship and a mummification process that suggested punishment, a good candidate for the pharaoh's son, Pentaweret, who was the only son to revolt against his father. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA et al. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. [25] Kidzera was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1a2c. Ethiopia/Sudan, and the Levant. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). wiki: E-V22 Concentrated in Northeast Africa and the Near East. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. [31] 15% (10/69) of Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58. Gusmao L, Sanchez-Diz P, Calafell F et al. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A1a, A1b, A2, A3, and B-M60 that are common in certain populations, such as the Mbuti and Khoisan. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 30005000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. CAS [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. Salas A, Richards M, Lareu MV et al. Furthermore, all the modern members of E-V13 descend from a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 years ago, and all of them also descend from a later common ancestor who carried the CTS5856 mutation. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. These data are consistent with multiple expansion events southwards from West Africa. and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. In Europe, M81 is most common in Portugal (8%), Spain (4%), as well as in France (0-6%) and Italy (0-4%), where strong regional variations are observed. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._________SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/groups/israelitejews/permalink/724232359236083/[1:04] Past threads in which this was discussed:- https://www.facebook.com/groups/g49resource/posts/5410422012382894/- https://www.facebook.com/groups/thebiblicalrumbleroom/posts/1308376896600227[1:10] Scaled Innovations SNP tracker:http://scaledinnovation.com/gg/snpTracker.html[3:46] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Israel\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC[3:52] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Lebanon\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC Correspondence to [25] Nana was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2b3a. Future studies that examine variation in the NRY E1b1a clade in Bantu-speaking population groups representing the East African coast will help to further elucidate the late eastern EBSP. Distribution of haplogroup E-V13 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. It would be easy to assume that E-M81 colonised Northwest Africa during the Mesolithic or Neolithic period, then spread to southern and western Europe with the southern wave of Neolithic farmers that crossed over from Morocco to Iberia, then spread around western Europe with the Megalithic people. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. TMRCA for E1b1a as a whole was estimated at 61756588 YBP with the TMRCA for the youngest haplogroup (E1b1a8a1a) estimated at 11001638 YBP. The Wright Brothers, the inventors of the world's first successful airplane, belonged to haplogroup E-V13 (S7461 subclade). Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. Here, to test the hypothesis that . This includes some E1b1b subclades like V22 (12,000 years old) and V32 (10,000 years old), but also undeniably Near Eastern lineages like T1a-CTS2214 and J1-L136. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. So I was wondering if such a marker has anything to do with the Natufian Neolithic culture of the Levant as some of the skulls associated with this particular culture have been described as Sub-Saharan-like. By the time this paper was written ancient DNA data from the Levant and the Near East had surfaced. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. [13][14], Hawass et al. The distribution and age of E-V13 clades in central and western Europe are consistent with a dispersal by Hallstatt and La Tne Celts, Italic tribes (including a Roman redistribution) and the later influx of Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths, who may have assimilated additional Proto-Slavic E-V13 lineages in East Germany, Poland and Ukraine before entering the Roman Empire. We analyse frequencies of halpogroups and estimates of TMRCA to answer two questions: (a) Is there evidence of more than one expansion of paternal line ancestors of Bantu-speaking people living in present day sub-Saharan Africa? Google Scholar. By the definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Both could have brought different subclades of E-V13, and a founder effect or the phenomenon of elite dominance among the ruling invaders might have caused a fast growth of E-V13 lineage in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. [30][38] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 186061. Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. The K257 and Y4970 branch emerged around 3000 BCE and is found in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, Italy and France, among others. As a consequence, this study makes an important contribution to filling the gap. The Greeks remained in control of the Middle East until the Roman conquest, then regained influence over the region during the Byzantine period. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. That would mean that the M81 lineage only started to expand in Roman times, and continued to diffuse within all the borders of the Roman Republic/Empire - not just North Africa, but also Iberia, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Levant. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. Haplogroup E1b1a7 or E1b1a8* is modal in all groups with the exception of Bankim (Cameroon) and Fante (Ghana). [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. View Profile View Forum Posts Advisor Join Date 18-11-09 Location . Bellwood P : Early agriculturalist population diasporas? NAP was supported by NERC-Case PhD studentship. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). According to the equation, the minimum frequency at which a haplotype is present for it to have a 95% probability of being observed, given that n chromosomes are typed, is q=110(log(0.05)/n). Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. It was first reported in a person from the Gambia.[76]. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. L791 and Z21466 have a mostly European distribution today and their ages point toward a Neolithic diffusion. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E et al. [22], At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9: 80. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. Frequencies of over 75% have been reported among the Tuaregs of Burkina Faso and Mali. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. Mol Ecol 2011; 20: 26932708. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. However, since G2a is the only lineage that was consistently found in all Neolithic sites tested to date in Europe, the absence of Neolithic G2a lineages from Scandinavia and the Baltic implies that no Neolithic lineage survives there, and consequently E-V13 does not date from the Neolithic in the region. E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. 1973) might belong to haplogroup E-V13. The second would be the ancient Greeks, who heavily colonized southern Italy from the 9th century BCE until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BCE. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. In . Late glacial migration of E-M78 to Mediterranean Europe It is still unclear when haplogroup E first entered Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994. It is also suggested that although the Bantu-speaking agriculturists may have replaced, to a substantial extent, hunter gatherers in their path, they have also, in some places, co-existed and interbred with the original inhabitants.2. More research is needed. [25] Kuto was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2198 and L2a1a2. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. He belonged to the subclade E-M34. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Destro-Bisol G, Donati F, Coia V et al. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. This page has been accessed 678 times. (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage.
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