Tanabe, T., Nishiguchi, K., Kuramochi, E. & Notomi, M. Low power and fast electro-optic silicon modulator with lateral p-i-n embedded photonic crystal nanocavity. Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator. Laser Photonics Rev. Quantum Electron. He, M. et al. For the application of high-speed electro-optic switching, our simulations show that the electrode-waveguide spacing can be decreased to 1.5m for an optical Q of ~5000 (corresponding to a modulation bandwidth of ~45GHz), which will improve the modulation efficiency to 2.38GHzV1 (simulation details in Methods). 1a) since it supports compact optical and electrical integration to enhance the electro-optic response. Integrated Electro-Optic Modulator in Z-Cut Lithium Niobate Thin Film Nat. & Capmany, J. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7. A conventional modulator (b) also uses a buffer oxide layer for velocity matching, but on top of LN which further compromises the electro-optic overlap. 1f. 2 High-speed measurement set-ups. Wang, C., Zhang, M., Chen, X. et al. Optica 1, 112118 (2014). Photonics 13, 8090 (2019). b, c Eye diagrams of the photonic-crystal EOM output, measured with 271 NRZ PRBS with a driving voltage of Vpp=2V. The laser wavelength was locked at half wave into the cavity resonance. To characterize the performance of high-speed modulation, the majority of the modulated light output was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier to boost the power, passed through a bandpass filter to remove the amplifier noise, and was then detected by a high-speed detector (New Focus 1024). Li, M., Liang, H., Luo, R., He, Y. Nat Commun 11, 4123 (2020). Compact 1D-silicon photonic crystal electro-optic modulator operating with ultra-low switching voltage and energy. b Zoom-in image of the photonic-crystal resonator and electrodes, corresponding to the dashed rectangular region in a. c Further zoom-in image showing the detailed structure of the photonic-crystal defects cavity, corresponding to the dashed rectangular region in b. Laser Photon. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Photonics 2, 433437 (2008). That highlighted in blue indicates the large metal pad used for contacting the RF probe. and M.L. The region highlighted in red is the electrode used to drive the photonic-crystal nanoresonator. Configuration of the FDTD simulation. The 0.8 m lithium niobate layer & Thomson, D. J. ADS Schmidt, R. V. & Kaminow, I. P. Metal-diffused optical waveguides in LiNbO3. HDTRA11810047); and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Agreement No. The electro-optic modulation demonstrated in the previous section indicates the potential high-speed operation of the EOMs. Introduction to Lithium Niobate - Academic Accelerator Among various device geometries, photonic-crystal nanoresonators are particularly beneficial in this regard, given their exceptional capability of controlling light confinement and lightmatter interactions on the sub-wavelength scale. LiNbO. Topics: Its a building block that can be integrated into larger optical systems for a range of applications, in sensing, lidar, and data telecommunications.. CAS Integrated lithium niobate photonics is a promising platform for the development of high-performance chip-scale optical systems, but getting a laser onto a lithium niobate chip has proved to be one of the biggest design challenges, said, , the Tiantsai Lin Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at SEAS and senior author of the study. Opt. A fully photonics-based coherent radar system. IEEE 94, 952985 (2006). 1a). 1d and8a). Ozaki, J., Ogiso, Y. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles increased the EO modulation efficiency to a voltage-length product of 1.75 Vcm using a shallowly etched lithium niobate waveguide. Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages, Sub-1 Volt and high-bandwidth visible to near-infrared electro-optic modulators, Spectral control of nonclassical light pulses using an integrated thin-film lithium niobate modulator, Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits, Femtojoule femtosecond all-optical switching in lithium niobate nanophotonics, Extending the spectrum of fully integrated photonics to submicrometre wavelengths, Ultra-low-power second-order nonlinear optics on a chip, Microstructure and domain engineering of lithium niobate crystal films for integrated photonic applications, Femtofarad optoelectronic integration demonstrating energy-saving signal conversion and nonlinear functions, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Controlling single rare earth ion emission in an electro-optical nanocavity, Photonic van der Waals integration from 2D materials to 3D nanomembranes, Hydrothermal growth of KTiOPO4 crystal for electro-optical application, High-performance polarization management devices based on thin-film lithium niobate. 6c, where a driving power of 16mW (corresponding peak-to-peak driving voltage, Vpp, of Vpp=2.5V) splits the cavity resonance into five with notable magnitudes (black curve), resulting in a cavity transmission with five side lobes (blue curve). Abstract. Thin-lm lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform. Coherent modulation up to 100 GBd 16QAM using silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) devices. Express 20, 2246522474 (2012). Yu, Z. Further increase of the modulation frequency shifts apart the two side lobes accordingly, with amplitude decreased, while the position of the center lobe remains unchanged, as expected from the non-adiabatic driving. Due to the high permittivity of LN at radio frequency, the commonly used full surrounding air cladding43,45,46 is not suitable for EOM since it would significantly reduce the coupling between the optical and electric fields. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. The laser wavelength is scanned at a repetition rate of ~15Hz, so we primarily monitored the time-averaged cavity transmission. Science 298, 14011403 (2002). In this research, we used all the nano-fabrication tricks and techniques learned from previous developments in integrated lithium niobate photonics to overcome those challenges and achieve the goal of integrating a high-powered laser on a thin-film lithium niobate platform.. The inset shows the S11 reflection scattering parameter for both devices. c, d, Numerically simulated microwave (c) and optical (d) field distributions (both shown in Ez components) in the cross-section of the thin-film modulator. Consequently, the transmission spectrum transforms into a multi-resonance spectrum (Fig. Enhanced electro-optic lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film. Nat. Top. The pure linear electro-optic tuning shown in Fig. A 10-Gbit/s lithium niobate intensity module provides chirp-free modulation at 1550 nm. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate monolithically integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators that feature a CMOS-compatible drive voltage, support data rates up to 210 gigabits per second and show an on-chip optical loss of less than 0.5 decibels. 8, 701705 (2014). conceived the experiment. 16, 18 (2018). Electron. PDF High-efficiency electro-optic modulator on thin-film lithium niobate As shown in Fig. Dong, P. et al. The green region indicates the electrode that can be shrunk to in the future design. They are also expected to be building blocks for emerging applications such as quantum photonics5,6 and non-reciprocal optics7,8. With these devices, we are able to demonstrate efficient electrical driving of high-Q cavity mode in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes and to observe transition in between. The devices exhibit a significant tuning efficiency up to 1.98 GHz V1, a broad modulation bandwidth of 17.5 GHz, while with a tiny electro-optic modal volume of only 0.58 m3. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Fortier, T. M. et al. [29] Owing to the disparity between the dielectric constants of lithium niobate and silica, the electrical field primarily affected the LN core through the slab. Optica Publishing Group on Twitter: "View Spotlight analysis of the # We propose and demonstrate a Mach-Zehnder modulator in Z-cut lithium niobate thin film (LNTF) with a vertical electric field structure. As the modulation bandwidth is primarily related to the optical Q of the device, it can be engineered flexibly for different application purposes, simply by choosing device with appropriate optical Q. The best-known electro-optic Pockels material is probably lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN), which has been widely used in telecommunication1. We have applied a voltage of 25V to the device (not shown in the figure) and did not observe any degradation. Open Access articles citing this article. 14 April 2023, Light: Science & Applications Express 26, 220232 (2018). Science 358, 630632 (2017). Mercante, A. J. et al. A 100, 043811 (2019). Lee, M. et al. The broad modulation bandwidth of these devices would thus enable high-speed electro-optic switching. 6b). External modulator is typically either a LiNbO3 modulator or an electroabsorptive modulator. Janner, D., Tulli, D., Garca-Granda, M., Belmonte, M. & Pruneri, V. Micro-structured integrated electro-optic LiNbO3 modulators. Boyd, R. W. Nonlinear Optics (Academic, Cambridge, 2003). Lithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator Phys. The cavity resonance exhibits a coupling depth of 93%, corresponding to a full-swing extinction ratio of 11.5dB. The modulators have an SMA RF input, which is directly compatible with . 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, Research paves the way for high-powered telecommunication systems, 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College, First integrated laser on lithium niobate chip. Lett. Integrated microwave photonics. High-quality lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavities. Appl. Hybrid Silicon and Lithium Niobate Modulator - IEEE Xplore You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulators, Fiber-Coupled (1260 nm - 1625 nm) Up to 40 GHz Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3) Modulators Fiber-Coupled, High-Speed Modulation Intensity, Phase, or I/Q X-Cut or Z-Cut Devices LNP6118 40 GHz Phase Modulator with Polarizer, Z-Cut LN81S-FC 10 GHz Intensity Modulator, X-Cut LNLVL-IM-Z J. Lightwave Technol. Opt. IEEE J. Sel. Laser. Dynamically tunable single-/dual-band of the graphene absorber with a Google Scholar. Rao, A. et al. The bit-switching energy for NRZ signal is given by \(\frac{1}{4}C{V}_{{\rm{pp}}}^{2}\) (ref. The high quality of device fabrication as indicated by the device images implies high performance of the EOM, as we will show below. In most cases, lasers are stand-alone devices, external to the modulators, making the whole system more expensive and less stable and scalable. Google Scholar. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Here the modulator is analyzed in a dual-drive design shown in Figure 1 (where V1 = -V2). Nature 562, 101104 (2018). Quantum frequency conversion and single-photon detection with lithium niobate nanophotonic chips, Integrating planar photonics for multi-beam generation and atomic clock packaging on chip, Sub-1 Volt and high-bandwidth visible to near-infrared electro-optic modulators, http://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/products/optical-devices/100gln/, http://eospace.com/pdf/EOSPACEbriefProductInfo2017.pdf, https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=3948, https://doi.org/10.1109/CSICS.2015.7314513. Wang, J. et al. Herein, we review the progress in microstructure and domain. Miller, D. A. Input requirements, test setups, and mounting instructions will be covered. View Spotlight analysis of the #OPG_JOSA_B paper Spiral waveguide Bragg grating modulator on thin-film Z-cut lithium niobate http://ow.ly/NsJS50NVr0m Spotlight . Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators: when performance The electrodes are designed to be placed close to the photonic-crystal resonator (Fig. Express 22, 2862328634 (2014). J. Lightwave Technol. The red solid and open circles denote the fundamental and second-order TE-like cavity modes shown in f and g. Our simulations show that there exhibits another mode with eigenfrequency within the band gap (gray open circles). 100GHz siliconorganic hybrid modulator. & Fan, S. Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions. We are also able to achieve high-speed electro-optic switching of at 11Gbs1, with switching energy as low as 22fJ per bit. 7a. Our EO modulators use MgO-doped lithium niobate for high power operation. | 617-496-1351 | lburrows@seas.harvard.edu, Method can depict holograms viewable from any angle as if physically present with continuous depth, Nanofabrication technique, using holes to create vacuum guides, breaks a barrier in optics, Applied Physics, Optics / Photonics, Quantum Engineering, By detecting nanoscopic heat changes inside cells, first-of-their-kind sensors reveal how living systems use energy, Applied Physics, Bioengineering, Health / Medicine, Materials, 150 Western Ave, Allston, MA 02134 Although the breaking of the mirror symmetry along the normal direction of the device plane considerably alters the band gap of the photonic crystal (Fig. Photon. Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulator Sets New Performance Records Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Wooten, E. L. et al. Next, the team aims to increase the lasers power and scalability for even more applications. Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (ECCS1609549, ECCS-1740296 E2CDA and DMR-1231319) and by Harvard University Office of Technology Development (Physical Sciences and Engineering Accelerator Award). Google Scholar. They also thank Wuxiucheng Wang, Lejie Lu, and Ming Gong for valuable discussions and help on testing. IEEE Photonics Technol. High-Q lithium niobate microdisk resonators on a chip for efficient electro-optic modulation. and M.L. Google Scholar. PubMed Opt. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Electro-optically (EO) tunable metasurfaces have received considerable attention owing to their capability for dynamic light field control. and M.L.